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- Confusion and Light Info
- ┌──── ┌────┐ ┐ Timothy Harris
- │ │ │ │ 5 Burnham Park Road
- │ ├────┤ │ Peverell
- └──── │ │ └─── Plymouth,
- ───── ──── ENGLAND, PL3 5QB
- v2·50 THarris@UK.AC.PSW.CD
-
- To execute CAL type `CAL' with the current directory set to the
- one in which the CAL.EXE, CAL.OVR and CAL.CFG files reside.
- CAL will run on a floppy-disk-only machine but copying all the
- files to the hard drive and executing them from there (run
- `INSTALL.BAT' to do this for you) will allow for quicker access
- to the help information.
-
- CAL is public domain and you are therefore encouraged to give
- copies of it to other people - however these copies must be in
- an unmodified form and any charge made must be for media and
- distribution costs only.
-
- The latest version is available from me on receit of a blank
- disk and SAE, or a cheque for £2.20 - remember to specify what
- type of disk you are using.
-
-
- Recent additions to CAL:
-
- 1. CAL now features routines to use high-resolution 256 colour
- super VGA (SVGA) cards. This gives increases in performance and
- allows CAL to be used on a wider range of machines. Where possible
- to graphics algorithms are written in assembly language to improve
- execution times as much as possible.
-
- 2. CAL now automatically detects if a 386 processor (or better) is
- being used and will use an improved integer arithmetic algorithm
- if possible.
-
- 3. Additional fractal types:
- - Lorenz attractor
- - Bifuraction diagram
- - Julia set (select Mandelbrot set and then Choose Julia Set from
- the Miscellaneous menu)
-
- An introduction to CAL:
-
- 1. As an introduction press Return as soon as CAL has loaded to draw
- the default image. If your copy of the CAL files is the same as the
- set that I distribute this should be the Mandelbrot set in the
- 256 colour 320x200 mode that is now supported on most computers. If
- your machine will not use this mode then read the steps below about
- configuring the program.
-
- 2. Selecting the graphics resolution... All video cards allow for a
- variety of types of display. On earlier models this may be a choice
- between a low resolution (i.e. blocky) image with several colours
- or a less blocky image in black and white. Later systems have been
- capable of 16 colours and most new graphics cards are capable of
- displaying 256 colours on the screen at once.
-
- The type of resolution and number of colours to use are chosen
- from the `Display mode' option in the `Configurations' menu. Menu
- choices are made using the cursor keys to change the highlighted
- option and return to select it. If you are using a monochrome display
- and find the text lacks contrast then run cal by typing `CAL /M' which
- will cause a black and white palette to be used in text modes. Full
- colours will still be available (if your display supports them) when
- drawing an image.
-
- There are four different types of graphics mode, each progressively
- more advanced than the one before:
-
- CGA - one of the original graphics standards and only really included
- for machines which do not support more modern displays or to provide
- a quick overview of a detailed image. At best you can have four colours
- on the screen and the image does appear very blocky. However, CGA modes
- are present on almost all computers, including older portable machines.
-
- EGA - EGA allows sixteen colours to be used, although you do not have
- control over them to the same degree as is present with later standards.
- The resolution is also better - meaning that curves appear less blocky
- and images are more detailed.
-
- VGA - VGA appears to the user as an extension to EGA which allows you
- to use even higher resolution and to choose the colours that are used
- from a palette of colours available from the graphics card.
-
- SVGA - Super VGA is present on most new machines and allows images to
- be produced using 256 colours, allowing for such effects as gradual
- shifts from one colour to another. The resolution available in SVGA
- means that you can see a lot of detail in images but the extra
- calculations needed to calculate this detail can slow down drawing.
- If you are using SVGA modes you must tell CAL which make of graphics
- card is inside the computer (see next section).
-
- 3. Configuring the graphics card... It is necessary to set options
- about which type of graphics card you are using before any images
- may be created in a super VGA display mode. You can change the settings
- at any time you want since all the configuration options are contained
- within the CAL program itself.
-
- The type of graphics card is chosen in the `SVGA Card Type' option
- in the `Miscellaneous' menu. You should be presented with a list of
- about fourteen different types of display card. If the one that you
- have fitted is listed there (this is often shown immediately upon
- powering up the computer) then select that option and it will be
- stored in the configurations file. Note that there are differences
- between graphics cards by the same manufacturer (e.g. some Tseng
- cards work in different ways to others, even though the image on
- the screen appears the same), so it may be necessary to try each
- of the variations of the card listed.
-
- If you cannot find your card listed, or do not know what type of card
- is fitted to the machine, then try each one in turn until you get
- successful results. It is best to have a moderate resolution SVGA
- mode selected during these tests (e.g. 640x480 with 256 colours) since
- the better standardisation between manufacturers means that non-SVGA
- modes will work with any graphics card.
-
- During configuration you may sometimes get a disjointed image. This
- is caused by the similar - although not quite identical - methods of
- accessing the graphics display employed by some manufacturers. Another
- of the SVGA card types will probably give the correct image.
-
- 4. The current fractal type to draw (e.g. Henon attractor, Mandelbrot
- set etc...) is chosen from the `Select fractal' option in the
- `Miscellaneous' menu. Use the up and down cursor keys so that the
- arrow points at the fractal that you would like to draw and press
- the return key.
-
- 5. Further details about using CAL are available using the context sensitive
- help facilities. Press F1 at any time during the program and use the
- cursor keys to highlight the topic on which you would like more
- information before pressing return. The escape key will cancel the help
- mode.
-
- Should you encounter any difficulties with CAL, if you have suggestions for
- improvements, new fractal algorithms you would like included in future
- versions or queries of any kind then do not hesitate to contact me.
-
- Timothy Harris
-
-